Aquascapes start with substrate and hardscape. Nutrient-rich aqua soils feed root plants and lower pH slightly; inert gravel and sand need root tabs. Slope substrate from about 2 inches at the front to 3 to 4 inches at the back. Rinse stones and wood, and check stones do not raise hardness for soft-water species. Add pressurized CO2 when you want fast growth and demanding plants under stronger light.
A good aquascape is planned before water goes in. Substrate, stone and wood set the shape for years.
Substrate
| Type | Pros | Cons |
|---|---|---|
| Aqua soil | Nutrients, good rooting, lowers pH slightly | Can leach ammonia at first, breaks down over years |
| Inert gravel or sand | Stable, cheap | Needs root tabs |
| Capped soil | Nutrients under inert cap | Messy to rescape |
Slope from about 2 inches at the front to 3 or 4 at the back for depth.
Hardscape
- Rinse stones and wood; soak wood to reduce tannins.
- Check stones for effects on hardness and pH.
- Use the rule of thirds for focal points.
CO2
| Setup | Use |
|---|---|
| None | Low-light plants |
| Liquid carbon products | Modest help |
| Pressurized CO2 with regulator and diffuser | Fast growth, carpets, high light |
Use a drop checker and add CO2 gradually; too much can harm fish.
Match light to your plants with our planted lighting guide. Browse aquascaping and care.
Common questions
What substrate is best for planted tanks?
Aqua soils give the most nutrients for rooted plants. Inert substrates work with root tabs and easier plants.
Do I need CO2 for a planted tank?
Not for low-light plants. CO2 is needed for fast growth, carpeting plants and high light.
Will rocks change my aquarium water?
Some stones, such as limestone, raise hardness and pH. Test a stone with vinegar or watch your parameters.
What are good beginner aquarium plants?
Anubias, java fern, cryptocoryne, vallisneria and many mosses are hardy and low light.